@article{ author = {Mohammadpour, A and Khajavi, A and Moshki, M and Zarei, M and Hashemizadeh, H and Farzamfar, S and Namnik, F}, title = {Level of Malnutrition and Failure to Thrive in 1-18 month old Infants}, abstract ={Aims: Two major health problems in the developing countries are malnutrition and growth failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth indices (height and weight) and rate of growth failure in 1- to 18-mounth infants. Instrument & Methods: In the analytic-descriptive cross-sectional study, 1- to 18-mounth infants referred to the health centers of Quchan were studied in two steps in 2012. 1002 infants were selected via available method classified in three age groups. Heights and weights of the infants were recorded. Height and weight diagrams were described. Data was analyzed by SPSS 14 software. Findings: Less than 5 percentile height and weight in 1- to 6-mounth infants, in 7- to 12-mounth infants, and in 13- to 18-mounth infants were 7.9 and 3.5% (in females) and 8.6 and 2.4% (in males), 5.3 and 9.3% (in females) and 8.1 and 7.0% (in males), 11.6 and 8.6% (in females) and 9.7 and 6.5% (in males), respectively. In growth failure, the most prevalent ages in males (9.7%) and in females (9.3%) were 13- to 18-mounth and 7- to 12-mounth, respectively.  Maximum frequency of less than 5 percentile height was in 13- to 18-mounth infants (both genders). Conclusion: Based on WHO criteria, nutritional status is favorable in 1- to 18-mounth infants in Quchan.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Malnutrition, Failure to Thrive, Child, Body Weight}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2314-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2314-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Mardaneh, J and Mohammadzadeh, AR and Masomian, Z}, title = {Polyethylene Glycol 200; a Rapid and Inexpensive Method for DNA Extraction from Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria}, abstract ={Aims: In general, DNA extraction from the gram-positive bacteria is too hard and expensive. The aim of this study was to utilize Polyethylene Glycol 200 in order to extract DNA from Lactobacillus acidophilus gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram-negative bacteria, as well as PCR conducting on them to search Lacto and ExoA genes, respectively. Materials & Methods: Standard strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram-negative bacteria were cultured on MRS and Mueller-Hinton agar, respectively. Then, the bacteria colony was dissolved in TE buffer and DNA was extracted using PEG 200. PCR reactions were done on the specific Lacto and ExoA genes of each organism.   Findings: PCR was done on the selected genes for each organism; and bp231 Lacto genes were detected for the standard strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus and the strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus separated from the dairy. In addition, bp396 ExoA genes were detected for the standard strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on agarose gel. Conclusion: Since DNA extraction from gram-positive bacteria is too hard due their very strong walls, PEG 200 might be a very proper, affordable, quick, and available method to extract DNA from the gram-positive bacteria. In addition, DNA of gram-negative bacteria and fungi can simply be extracted through the method.}, Keywords = {Polyethylene Glycol 200, DNA Extraction, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Gram-Negative Bacteria,}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {7-11}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2438-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2438-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Zareban, I and Karimy, M and Ahmadi, R and TabasiDarmiyan, A and Taher, M}, title = {Effectiveness of a Theory-Based Education Program in Prevention of HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors in HIV+ Patients: An Intervention in Health Belief Model Framework}, abstract ={Aims: Prevention and reduction of HIV risk behaviors in the patients with positive HIV are of the priorities of public health. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of educational program based on health belief model (HBM) on the behaviors preventing disease transmission in the positive HIV patients. Materials & Methods: In the semi-experimental study, 92 positive HIV patients with AIDS, aged more than 18 years and recorded by the counseling centers for infectious and behavioral diseases in either Saravan or Sarbaz, were studied in 2013. The subjects were selected via census method. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of a demographic part (10 questions), the health belief model constructs (17 questions), and patients’ functioning assessment part (11 questions). Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent T, paired-T, and Chi-square tests. Findings: There was no significant difference between the groups in the demographic characteristics and they were equal. There were considerable significant increases in the mean scores of the perceived sensitiveness and intensity, the perceived benefits and obstructions, the perceived self-efficacy, and behavior after the training intervention than before the intervention (p<0.001).  Conclusion: Health belief model is effective on the enhancement of AIDS preventing behaviors in patients with AIDS. In addition, through increased levels of awareness, attitude, sensitiveness, intensity, benefits, and self-efficacy, as well as a reduction in the perceived obstructions, it increases AIDS preventing behaviors.}, Keywords = {Education, HIV, Health Belief Model, Risk Behavior}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {13-18}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2270-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2270-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Afsharnia, M and Kianmehr, M and Biglari, H and Ramezani, M and Rasouli, S}, title = {Coliform Removal from Municipal Waste Fresh Leachate Using Electrolysis Method with Iron and Copper Electrodes}, abstract ={Aims: Leachate is a type of highly concentrated wastewater containing chemical and microbial contaminants. Leachate discharged in receiving earth and water leads to the diffusion of different types of dangerous environmental pollutions. The aim of this study was to reduce the coliform bacteria in fresh urban leachate through electrolysis equipped by copper-iron combined electrodes. Materials & Methods: In the laboratory-experimental study, 36 fresh leachate samples were prepared from urban solid-waste collecting trucks in Gonabad using standard combined method from July to November 2015. The leachate samples were poured into a closed reactor containing three copper-iron combined electrode pairs. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using one-way ANOVA. Findings: The higher the voltage and reaction time were, the higher the coliform removal was. In 60 minutes, all three voltages removed 100% of microbial pollution. There was a significant difference between the rate of the removed coliforms through different voltages in 15, 30, and 45 minutes (p<0.05). The rates of the removed coliforms in different reaction times were significant in 10V (p=0.001) and 20V (p=0.002). Conclusion: Through the utilization of copper-iron combined electrodes and applied proper voltages, the electro-chemical method can be used as a clean and eco-friendly method to remove the coliform bacteria from fresh leachate.}, Keywords = {Disinfection, Fresh Leachate, Electrolysis, Coliform, Copper Electrode}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {19-24}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2420-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2420-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Mazarei, A and Mardaneh, J}, title = {Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex: Detection Extensively Drug-Resistant, Survey Carbapenemases Production, and Determination MIC Values for Imipenem}, abstract ={Aims: One of the drug resistant organisms in the worldwide hospitals is Acinetobacter baumannii. The aim of this study was to investigate the expansion of drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus population, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pan-drug resistant (PDR) strains, and the ability of carbapenemases production, as well as to determine imipenem MIC in its isolates. Materials & Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 48 samples of the patients hospitalized in different wards of the hospitals in Shiraz were collected and cultured on clinical microbiological media during 10 months from July 2014 to April 2015. Specific non-fermentative bacteria API 20NE system and biochemical tests were used to confirm the isolates finally. Based on CLSI 2014 protocol, disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antibiotic sensibility. Modified hodge test was used to determine the strains producing carbapenemases enzymes. E-test method was used to determine imipenem MIC. Findings: All the isolates were sensitive to coloistin antibiotic. None of the isolate answered carbapenemases (ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem). Beside multi-drug resistant characteristics, all the isolates were with expanded drug resistant characteristics. However, there was no pan-drug resistant isolate. Levels of sensitivity to minocycline and ampicillin-sulbactam were 14.3 and 10.7%, respectively. Phenotypic modified Hodge test was positive in all the isolates. Imipenem MIC was higher than 32 units in all the isolates.  Conclusion: Combined drug regimens are effective on the treatments of XDR and MDR Acinetobacter strains.}, Keywords = {Acinetobacter Baumannii-Calcoaceticus Complex, Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Strains, Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Strains, Imipenem MIC}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {25-31}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2359-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2359-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Biglari, H and sajjadi, A and Javan, N and Mirzabeigi, M and Afsharnia, M}, title = {Removal of Water Soluble Phenol by Simultaneous using of UV Radiation and ZnO}, abstract ={Aims: As toxic pollutants, phenol and its solutions in water affect human’s health. Noticing the risk, crucial standards have been provided by different organizations to control concentrations of the solutions in water. The aim of this study was to investigate nano-photocatalytic process of nano ZnO/UV radiation in the analysis of phenol solution in water. Materials & Methods: In the laboratory-experimental study, samples of artificial wastewater containing 50, 100, and 200mg/l phenol were poured into a 1l laboratory readymade reactor via discontinuous method. The effects of the parameters of 50, 75, and 125W UV radiation, 0.1 and 0.2 g/l ZnO concentrations, and pH 5, 7, and 9 at 5-30min oxidation times on phenol removal were separately and simultaneously investigated. Final phenol concentration was determined by 500nm wavelength spectrophotometry method.  Findings: After 30min, pH 5 having reached pH 9, the process efficiency decreased from about 93% to 73%. Dose of ZnO nanoparticles having been increased from 0.1g/l to 0.2g/l, the efficiency of phenol analysis led to a decrease in phenol removal from 93.2% to 88.4%. Phenol concentration having been increased from 50mg/l to 200mg/l, efficiency was decreased from 93% to about 71%. Conclusion: Dose of ZnO nanoparticles, pH, and primary phenol concentration being reduced and oxidation time and UV radiation intensity being increased, phenol removal efficiency increases during the process}, Keywords = {Phenol, Ultraviolet Rays, Zinc Oxide, Photocatalyst}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {33-41}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2406-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2406-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Mohammadzadeh-Moghadam, Hossein and Kamalinejad, Mohammad and Nazari, Mohammad and Khajavi, Abdoljavad and Akbari, and Mohammadpour, Ali}, title = {Dr. Ahmadieh’s Views and Experiences on Melancholy Treatment; a Comprehensive Narrative Review}, abstract ={Introduction: Iranian traditional medicine dating back to 10,000 years ago was marginalized in the last 150 years, but physicians such as Dr. Ahmadieh has maintained and used it as a source of inspiration for the treatment of many diseases including melancholy. Melancholy, a then-type of depression, is a mental illness in which the person suffers from depression, isolation, hallucination, and delirium. This systematic review aimed to examine Dr. Ahmadieh’s views and experiences on melancholy treatment and compare them with Iranian traditional medicine literature. Materials and Methods: First, through a comprehensive search strategy, Dr. Ahmadieh’s books and the relevant Iranian traditional medicine literature were investigated and compared. Then, eight English and Persian databases, of Ovid MEDLINE, SciVerse Scopus, Google Scholar, ISC, MEDLIB, Magiran, Gang, and SID were searched by combining MeSH and non-MeSH term searches. Relevant studies were identified and retrieved after screening and the reference lists were carefully scanned. Finally, after extracting the data, the narrative synthesis of all results was performed in line with the objectives of the review. Results: Melancholy is one of the oldest terms in history of psychiatry that has been replaced with depression. In line with foundations of Iranian traditional medicine, Dr. Ahmadieh believes that increased or abnormal melancholy (black bile) is the cause of the melancholy. This disease has been classified into three groups, in accordance with DSM-5 criteria. Treatment of melancholy is based on six principles of health (including the nasal discharge stimulation and drainage, and relieving constipation) and its specific treatments are different depending on its class and cause. Conclusion: Dr. Ahmadieh’s experiences in treating diseases have the potential to be used as a complementary treatment or an alternative to standard treatments of conventional medicine, and worth being considered by researchers, clinicians, and health system policymakers. However, it is essential that the effectiveness of these traditional treatments be examined through reliable trials and be applied if they are evidence-based.}, Keywords = {Melancholia, Depressive Disorder, Ahmadieh, Medicine, Traditional, Review}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {43-50}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2284-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2284-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {dadmand, fatemeh}, title = {Effects of the Multiple Dimensions of Hospital Services Quality on Patients Satisfaction: SERVQUAL Model Testing}, abstract ={Aims: One of the goals of the hospitals is patients’ maximum satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of the services provided by the state hospital of Gonabad, as well as the gap between the current and the desired situations in providing the services. Instrument & Methods: In the survey analytic study, patients, hospitalized in 22 Bahman Hospital of Gonabad during 20 days in June and July 2014, were studied. 154 patients were selected via available sampling. Data was collected using a bisection questionnaire including personal characteristics and the aspects of the quality of the services provided by the hospital and satisfaction. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using Pearson correlation coefficient, T, and multiple regression tests. Findings: The highest and the lowest correlations were between satisfaction and loyalty and physical equipment and responsibility, respectively. The deepest gap between the current and the desired situations was in trust (p=0.001; t=-31.52); and in succession, the gap was in sympathy (p=0.001; t=-30.17), physical equipment (p=0.001; t=-27.87), loyalty (p=0.001; t=-27.87), responsibility (p=0.009; t=-27.87), good will (p=0.001; t=-27.94), and reliability (p=0.001; t=-17.31). Good will, physical equipment, trust, and loyalty explained 18.5%, 18.6%, 14.6%, and 47.0% of the patients’ satisfaction variable, respectively.  Conclusion: There is a gap between the current and the patients’ desired situations in all the aspects in 22 Bahman Hospital of Gonabad.}, Keywords = {atient’s Satisfaction, Quality of Health Care, Hospital}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {50-57}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2330-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2330-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Sajjadi, A and Yaghoubi, M and Rasouli, S and Biglari, H}, title = {Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice of Gonabad City’s Homemakers toward Recycling of Domestic Solid Waste}, abstract ={Aims: One of the major components of waste comprehensive management is the recycling. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of awareness, attitude, and performance of the housewives in Gonabad towards home wastes recycling. Instrument & Methods: In the descriptive-analytical study, 253 housewives were studied in 2015. The subjects were randomly selected based on the family files recorded by the health centers of Gonabad. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts including demographic information (5 questions), awareness (6 questions), attitude (10 questions), and performance assessment (8 questions). 33.3%, 33.3-66.6%, and 66.7-100% of the scores were classified as weak, moderate, and good, respectively. Data was analyzed using multivariate ANOVA. Findings: The awareness levels of 13.6%, 27.4%, and 59.0% of the housewives were weak, moderate, and good, respectively. 6, 50.1, and 43.9% of the housewives were with weak, moderate, and good attitudes towards the recycling, respectively. 31.1%, 49.1%, and 19.8% of the housewives were with weak, moderate, and good performances, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the educational level of the housewives and the levels of their awareness and attitudes (p=0.025). The performance of the families with their heads working at the non-governmental sectors was significantly better than other groups (p=0.026). Conclusion: 59%, 50%, and 19.8% of the housewives in Gonabad are with good awareness, attitude, and performance towards the urban waste recycling, respectively.}, Keywords = {wareness, Urban Wastes, Recycling, Housewives, Gonabad}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {51-55}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2440-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2440-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {MottaghiShahri, M and Safania, A and Nikbakhsh, R}, title = {Prioritizing of the Criteria of Physical Education Performance in Medical Sciences Universities by Analytic Hierarchy Process: anApproach to Health Promotion of Students}, abstract ={Aims: Control, monitoring, and evaluation are on the core of any action plan. The aim of this study was to design a model to prioritize the action criteria in the physical education organizations of medical universities through analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Materials & Methods: In the descriptive analytic study, all managers, experts, and teachers of the physical education organizations of the Iranian medical universities were studied (n=128 persons).Noticing the nature of AHP and the requirements for selection of the experts, 30 persons were purposefully selected based on their experiences and educational levels. The study was done in two stages. To determine weight and priority of every index at the latter stage of utilization of AHP, the experts were asked to determine the importance of each index compared to another one via paired comparisons. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 and Expert choice. In addition, confirmatory and discovery factor analyses were used to determine the load factor of the indices. Findings: The highest, in succession, priorities sfter financial criterion which was the highest priority (M=0.422), were the customer (M=0.3575), internal processes (M=0.121), and development and learning (M=0.0947). Conclusion: Based on AHP, the highest priorities in the performance of physical education organizations of the Iranian medical universities are financial, the customer, internal processes, and development and learning, in succession.}, Keywords = {Performance Evaluation,Physical Education,Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {63-70}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2387-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2387-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Abbasnezhad, AA}, title = {Physiological Effects of Nigella sativa Seed on Different Body Systems: a Review Study}, abstract ={Introduction: As a traditional treatment in many countries, the seeds of Nigella sativa are used to prevent and heal many diseases like diabetes, asthma, cough, nasal congestion, headache, toothache, intestinal worms, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and sexual dysfunction. The aim of this study was to review the published scientific reports about the physiologic effects of the seeds of Nigella sativa on different organs of body. In the review, scientific papers on the effects of the seeds of Nigella sativa on the functions of different organs of body, published between 1980 and 2015, were investigated and collected using Medline and SID databases. Conclusion: Based on the laboratory studies, the seeds of Nigella sativa are with liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, nervous system, and cardiovascular protective effects, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-parasite effects. Nigella sativa reduces blood pressure, blood sugar, and hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, there are no expanded studies on the herb. No doubt, based on the results of laboratory studies and documents about its consumption administrated in the traditional medicine, it is useful to consume the herb in cases including a mild high blood pressure, as well as blood sugar increase and hyperlipidemia. However, it requires more human studies. }, Keywords = {Nigella sativa Seed, Physiologic Effects, Body Organs}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2421-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2421-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Kianmehr, M and Afsharnia, M and Bighlari, H and Mmohammadzadeh, AR and Yyaghoobi, M}, title = {Efficiency of Concentrated Sunlight to Decrease Pathogenic Bacteria by Photolysis and Solar Photocatalytic Processes; a Case Study}, abstract ={Aims: As a highly developed oxidation process, the solar photo-catalytic process is highly used to reduce the environmental pollutants. In addition, it most sufficiently analyzes many organic pollutants and pathogenic microbial agents, completely. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of the photo-catalytic process in the removal of microbial pollutant of the refinery wastewater of Gonabad Behshiran Dairy Factory. Materials & Methods: In the cross-sectional study, samples of the refinery wastewater of Gonabad Behshiran Dairy Factory were prepared in spring and summer 2015. The processes were photolysis through concentrated sun light (P1), photo-catalytic at the presence of concentrated sun light (P2), photo-catalytic at the presence of normal sun light (P3), and photolysis with normal sun light (P4). Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using ANOVA. Findings: Passing from spring to summer, there were increases in the intensity of solar radiation, UV, and IR, while there was more change in UV. Using concentrated sun light, microbial removal efficiency hugely increased in such a way that there was a significant correlation between radiation intensity and microbial removal efficiency in P2 and P3 processes. Conclusion: Compared to normal sun light, the concentrated sun light considerably reduces microbial load. In addition, TiO2 Nano-particles in photo-catalytic process lead to a higher disinfection rate.}, Keywords = {Photolysis, Photo-catalytic Process, Pathogenic Bacteria, Disinfection}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {83-88}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2429-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2429-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {beheshti, mohamad hosein and mohammadzadeh, Fatemeh and sadeghi, afsaneh and aghababaee, rez}, title = {Determination of Biomechanical Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Bakery Profession Based on JSI and OCRA Indices}, abstract ={Aims: Due to their work type, the bakery workers undergo musculoskeletal disorders caused by the ergonomics factors. The aim of this study was to study the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in the bakery. Instrument & Methods: In the cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 28 bakeries of Gonabad were studied in 2015. The bakeries were selected by census method. Data was collected by 3 methods including observation information (to analyze works and tasks with repetitive movements), interviews (to ask about work type and its complexity), and the ergonomics assessment of the upper limb (OCRA and JSI technics to determine and assess the actual risk levels of repetitive tasks). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlational non-parametric analysis.    Findings: OCRA index in kneaders and bakers was more than 3 (the red criteria) in Lavash, Sangak, and Taftoon bakeries. Alongside the kneader task in Sangak bakery, the scores of the right hand strain index of all tasks in Lavash, Taftoon, and Sangak bakeries were more than 7 (the red criteria). There were significant correlations between the results of OCRA index and JSI method in the determination of ergonomics statuses of the bakery workers in three bakery types including Lavash (p<0.001; r=0.545), Sangak (p<0.001; r=0.51), and Taftoon (p<0.001; r=0.461).  Conclusion: Based on the results of OCRA and JSI, there is a high risk level of musculoskeletal damages in the bakery workers.}, Keywords = {Disorders, Musculoskeletal, Ergonomics, Bakery, JSI, OCRA }, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {89-96}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2414-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2414-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Eshghizadeh, Maryam and DelshadNoghabi2, ALI and Arabsalehi, Saeede and Rahmani, Farh}, title = {Mothers and the Stressors of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit}, abstract ={Aims: The birth of an infant requiring cares in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is one of the stressful sources in life. The aim of this study was to determine the stressful sources in mothers of infants in NICU.  Instrument & Methods: In the descriptive study, all mothers of infants hospitalized in NICU of Hajar Hospital in Shahr-e-Kord were studied in 2011. The subjects (n=110) were selected by census method. Data was collected by family information form and Miles and Funk’s parent stress questionnaire.  Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis correlation analyses noticing data abnormality. Findings: There were no significant correlation between educational level, type of child birth, mother’s job, and residence place and mothers’ stressors (p>0.05). There were significant and reverse correlations between environmental stressor and birth weight of infant (p=0.025; r=-0.213), mother’s age (p=0.034; r=-0.203), and income (p=0.002; r=-0.292). There was no significant correlation between relation stressor and any demographic characteristics. There were significant correlations between the status of home resident and environmental (p=0.031), face (p=0.008), and relation (p=0.0001) stressors. Conclusion: The mothers describe their own experiences of NICU as stressful. In addition, the environmental stressors affect such experiences in the highest level.}, Keywords = {Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU), Mothers, Stressor}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {97-102}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2428-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2428-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Goudarzi, hossein and Azad, Mehdi and Navidinia, Masoumeh and Goudarzi, Mehdi}, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Nigella sativa Ethanolic Extract Against Isolated Bacteria from Intensive Care Unit Patients}, abstract ={Aims: The nosocomial infection in the intensive care units (ICU) results in an increase in the death level, as well as hospitalization length. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa on the bacteria removed from the patients hospitalized in the hospital. Materials & Methods: In the experimental study, 100 clinical samples collected from the hospitalized patients in ICUs in Tehran hospitals during 2015 were studied. The samples presented to the laboratory included 28 samples of respiratory system secretions (28%), 25 blood samples (25%), 20 wound samples (20%), 18 urine samples (18%), and 9 cerebrospinal fluid samples (9%). Each sample, having been cultured on 2 blood agar environment, was incubated at both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The micro-broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest concentration of Nigella sativa extract with inhibitory effect.   Findings: The most and the least micro-organism numbers removed from the patients were Staphylococcus aureus (35 samples) and Escherichia coli (17 samples), respectively. In different concentrations of the extract, the growth of all the micro-organisms was inhibited. Excluding type of the removed bacteria, the growth rates of 24 isolates at 200mg/ml, 46 isolates at 100mg/ml, 29 isolates at 50mg/ml, and 1 isolate at 25mg/ml were inhibited. Conclusion: As effective antibacterial factors, different concentrations of Nigella sativa extract can be used to prevent the nosocomial infection due to different bacteria.}, Keywords = {Nigella Sativa, Intensive Care Units (ICU), Nosocomial Infection }, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {103-108}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2453-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2453-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {mansoorian, mohammad reza and khosravan, shahla and tavakolizadeh, jahanshir and sajjadi, moosa and rivandi, yasser}, title = {Effect of Teaching Parenting Styles to Parents on Adolescents Feeling of Loneliness}, abstract ={Aims: Loneliness is an unpleasant, disturbaing, and prevalent experience in the adolescents. The repetition of the experience badly affects the adolescents’ physical, mental, and emotional health. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of parenting style training on the adolescents’ loneliness feeling.  Materials & Methods: In the semi-experimental study, 50 adolescents with loneliness feeling, aged between 14 and 17 years, and their parents were studied in Gonabad from July to December 2015. The subjects were selected via stepwise sampling method. The subjects having been divided into experimental and control groups, parents of experimental group received eleven 1.5- to 2-hour training sessions for 6 weeks. Control group received no training. Data was collected by the UCLA revised loneliness feeling scale. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using one-way ANOVA, Chi-square, paired T, and independent T tests.  Findings: The prevailing parenting style in the mothers of control (32.22±3.80) and experiment (33.78±3.89) groups was ex catherda. The prevailing parenting style in the fathers of control (30.81±4.66) and experiment (31.65±6.30) groups was ex catherda. There was an insignificant increase in the mean loneliness feeling in control group from 41.00±4.40 (befor the intervention) to 41.27±4.64 (after the ntervention; p=0.642). There was an insignificant reduction in the loneliness feeling in experimental group from 39.78±4.08 (before the intervention) to 39.35±6.84 (after the intervention; p=0.776).  Conclusion: Teaching the parenting style to the parents does not affect the adolescences’ loneliness feeling.}, Keywords = {Adolescent, Loneliness, Parenting Style}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {109-115}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2472-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2472-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {moghanibashi, elahe and asgharipour, negar}, title = {Effectiveness of Coping Skills Training on Depression and Psychological Well-Being among Girl Adolescents}, abstract ={Aims: Noticing the importance of positive psychology and efficient coping skills in the mental health of a person, and especially the adolescence, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of teaching the coping styles on depression and psychological well-being of girl adolescent students.  Materials & Methods: In the pretest-posttest semi-experimental study with control group, the first-class girl students of the high school (n=320) were studied in the educational year 2014-15. 65 students were selected via simple random sampling method. Data was collected using Beck depression questionnaire and Ryff psychological well-being scale (the long form). The coping skills training program was conducted in experimental group. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using the descriptive statistics and independent T test.  Findings: At the pretest and posttest stages, “self-acceptance” was in the highest level in both control and experiment groups. There was no significant difference in the mean psychological well-being score before the intervention between control (63.02±31.41) and experimental (63.02±33.23) groups (p=0.078).  Nevertheless, there was a significant difference in the score between control (64.76±25.14) and experiment (59.54±25.59) groups after the intervention (p=0.001). Teaching the coping styles led to significant differences between the scores of posttest stage in control and experiment groups in a positive relation with others (p=0.041; t=2.07), self-dependence (p=0.013; t=2.51), personal development (p=0.01; t=2.61), self-acceptance (p=0.042; t=2.05), and total score of depression (p=0.001; t=24.31). Conclusion: Teaching the coping skills can positively affect the depression score and the psychological well-being scores in the adolescent girl students.}, Keywords = {Depression, Psychological Well-being, Coping Skills, Adolescents}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {117-122}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2404-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2404-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Sajadi, Seyed Ali and Biglari, Hamed and MazloumShahri, Seyyed Behnam and shakeri, hom}, title = {Purposes of Private Automobiles Round-Trips in Urban Areas; Reviewing the Traffic Management to Improve Public Health}, abstract ={Aims: Some of the unavoidable results of traffic are stress increase, violence by the persons and especially by the drivers, and more air pollution. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze the destinations of urban travels with personal cars, as well as to determine the rate of the unnecessary travels with personal cars. Instrument & Methods: In the analytic cross-sectional study, the population of personal cars travelling on Gonabad was studied in 2015. Five points on the city were selected as the sampling points. 400 persons, randomly selected, were studied. Data was collected using a researcher-made checklist including the demographic characteristics and some short questions. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Chi-square test. Findings: There were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the travel destination and time interval (p=0.0001) and the driver’s gender (p=0.038). There were significant correlations between the number of the passengers of the personal cars and the driver’s gender (p=0.039) and the destination of the travel (p=0.0001). There was no significant correlation between the number of the passengers of the car and time interval (p=0.416), age level (p=0.319), job (p=0.27), educational level (p=0.537), the marital status of the driver (p=0.831), and the family income (p=0.882). Conclusion: The rate of the utilization of personal cars and as one-passenger cars for non-work destinations is higher in the females than the males. Most of the work travels are done by one-passenger personal cars. Most of the non-work travels with personal cars are done by more than one passenger.}, Keywords = {Traffic, Personal Cars, Public Health, Urban Management }, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {123-128}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2419-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2419-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {tavakolizadeh, jahanshir and jamali, zohre and safarzade, somayeh}, title = {Role of Depression, Anxiety and Demographical Factors in Predicting the Quality of Life of Retired Elderly of Gonabad City}, abstract ={Aims: As other life periods, aging is characterized by physical, mental, and social changes. In the adaptation with such changes, the elderly might face with problems such as sense of helplessness and emotional disturbances, while their quality of life is affected. The aim of this study was to determine the roles of anxiety and depression, as well as the demographic factors, in the prediction of the quality of life of the retired elderly in Gonabad Township. Instrument & Methods: In the descriptive correlational study, the elderly, who were members of Gonabad Township Retired Center, were studied. 200 persons were randomly selected. Data was collected by four questionnaires including a demographic, Beck depression, Beck anxiety, and quality of life. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using stepwise multiple regression analysis and the effect coding tests. Findings: Mean anxiety level of the samples was 12.47±7.49. Mean depression level was 15.58±11.07. The quality of life (78.11±14.58) included mental health (29.60±6.24), social relationships and life environment (24.25±5.66), and physical health (24.26±4.71). There was a significant correlation between total mean of quality of life and depression and anxiety, but without any significant correlation with the demographic characteristics. Depression and the sum of depression and anxiety predicted 35.8% and 40.1% of the variance of quality of life, respectively. There was a lineal correlation between depression and anxiety and the quality of life. 17.9%, 30.2%, 21.3%, 39.9%, and 16.1% of the variance of quality of life were predicted by age, diploma certification, post-diploma certification, income, and marital status, respectively. Conclusion: Anxiety, depression, and some demographic characteristics are the predictors of the quality of life of the elderly.}, Keywords = {Aging, Quality of life, Anxiety, Depression}, volume = {21}, Number = {4}, pages = {129-135}, publisher = {Gonabad University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2418-en.html}, eprint = {http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2418-en.pdf}, journal = {Internal Medicine Today}, issn = {2981-0086}, eissn = {2981-0086}, year = {2015} }