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Abstract Background and Aim: The number of cesarean sections continues to rise in developed countries. This is one of the main concerns of society, especially in obstetrics and gynecology fields. The overall goal of this research is to determine and compare the outcomes of cesarean and vaginal delivery for mothers and infants in selected hospitals in Tehran in 2009. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective population-based cohort study of 246 pregnant women who delivered in Tehran hospitals. 114 healthy women undergoing a cesarean section and their infants henceforth known as the “cesarean group” were considered for the comparison with an otherwise similar group of 132 women delivering vaginally. The data were collected in three stages (at childbirth, before discharge and 10 days after birth) and analyzed through SPSS Software V.16 at 0.05 level of significance. Results: There was no significant correlation between early postpartum hemorrhage, PPH leading to an intervention and treatment after 10 days of postpartum, infection and postpartum urinary retention, infection leading to treatment, readmission within 10 days after delivery and postpartum blouse syndrome. In contrast, there was a significant relation between the decrease of more than 10% of hematocrit before and after delivery and type of delivery (p<0.001), and also between the type of delivery and the incision pain (Episiotomy or cesarean) (p<0.001), birth satisfaction after 10 days (p=0.001. Also, there was a significant relationship between the type of delivery and hospitalization duration (p<0.001) and also hospitalization costs (p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between type of delivery with newborn Apgar score during one minute and five minutes after birth. There was no significant relationship between newborn weight, jaundice and respiratory depression, and need to admission in NICU. There was no significant relationship between type of delivery with fever leading to treatment, infant feeding, impatience and death of newborn during 10 days after birth. Conclusion: The study found no statistically significant difference in maternal and neonatal outcomes between C-section and vaginal birth groups. More studies are needed to understand the short term and long term complication of the delivery mode on maternal-child outcomes.

Keywords: Cesarean section, delivery outcomes, maternal, neonatal, vaginal delivery

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